Polinasi, Keragaman Genetika dan Produktifitas Tanaman (link)

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzYoTBmR5MfEb2x0SFpkUjAyUFNJMzN0a0IzUnlnVVY0eXJj/view?usp=drivesdk

Foundations of Tree and Plant Breeding (link)

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KFFhykw9ToU5dnwe3QXrfxp2PPB9ywyh/view?usp=drivesdk

Penanganan Benih untuk Hutan Lestari

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzYoTBmR5MfENUFSNU8tajFrLVhMRVhUNFNfaVlNenQzdi1r/view?usp=drivesdk

TANAH ASAM SULFAT (Sulphate Acid Soil, Marine Clay)

Tanah asam sulfat (Sulphate Acid Soil atau Marine Clay) perlu dikenali dan dipahami dengan baik sebelum digunakan untuk keperluan penanaman.

Tanah asam sulfat terbentuk dari kumpulan bahan organik, zat besi, sulfat yang tergenang selama ribuan tahun. Salah satu hasil dari proses pembentukan ini adalah lapisan Pyrite atau FeS2.

Selama tergenang air, FeS2 adalah bentuk tereduksi dan tidak berbahaya. Tetapi setelah dilakukan pembuatan drainase untuk menghilangkan genangan air, oksigen di udara masuk kedalam lapisan FeS2 sehingga FeS2 teroksidasi sehingga terbentuk zat yang aktif yaitu FeS. Proses oksidasi selanjutnya menghasilkan asam sulfat yang menyebabkan penurunan pH menjadi masam atau sangat masam.  Keadaan masam ini menyebabkan Aluminum yang ada pada liat terlepas sehingga terbentuk Aluminum yang aktif yang bersifat racun bagi tanaman. Karena keracunan, tanaman terhambat tumbuh dan lemah.

Untuk mengatasi keadaan di atas diperlukan pengapuran dalam jumlah yang cukup besar, yaitu sekitar 1 ton/hektar.

Foundation of Plant Breeding

These are important breeding principles in order to achieve real improvement in commercial/operational plantations, and at the same time to avoid productivity failure of deployed genetic material in commercial/operational plantations. Foundations of Plant Breeding

FOUNDATIONS OF PLANT BREEDING

Hero Dien P. Kartiko

(hdk131061@gmail.com; +628127567559)

In the name of Alloh Most Gracious Most Merciful

Highlights

1. Relationship between Genetic Factor and Plant Productivity
2. Method for seeing Effect of Genetic Factor on Plant Productivity
3. Primary Foundation for Increasing Plant Productivity: Recognizing Role of Genetic Factor compared with Environmental Effect.

4. Initial Stage that shall be done in using Genetic Factor to increase Plant Productivity

5. First Step that must be taken in separating Genetic Factor from Environmental Effect.
6. Phases in Statistical Analyses.

1.              Relationship between Genetic Factor and Plant Productivity

—     Genetic factor has important role in increasing or reducing plant productivity

—     However, recognizing effect of genetic factor is not easy, especially for plant characters

               that have quantitative character in nature.

Property of Quantitative Characters

ü  Can be measured with Metric System

ü  Amount of the Measured Data is a Lot

ü  The Measured Data are Connected between One and Another (Continuous)

Example of Quantitative Character

ü    Stem Diameter at Breast Height:

—     8.0          cm

—     8.1          cm

—     8.2          cm

—     8.3          cm

—     8.4          cm

—     And so on

Quantitative Character affected by:

ü    Multi Gen

ü    Effects of each gene on expressions of quantitative character is very small

The most dominant factor affecting quantitative character:

ü  Environmental Effects

Qualitative Characters  (as compared with Quantitative Character)

Property of Qualitative Characters

ü  Cannot be measured with Metric System

ü  Amount of the Measured Data is very few

ü  The Measured Data are Disconnected between One and Another (Discontinuous)

Qualitative Characters affected by

ü    Mono Gen

ü    Effect of the gen, on expression of  qualitative character, is dominant

Effect of Environmental Factors on Qualitative Character:

ü  Little

Example of Qualitative Character:

ü    Color:

—     Black

—     White

2.     Method for Seeing Effect of Genetic Factor on Plant Productivity

Seeing Effect of Genetic Factor on Plant Productivity:

·         It is not straightforward and simple, as:

ü    Plant Productivity has Quantitative Character in Nature

ü    Expression of Plant Productivity is influenced mostly by Environmental Factors

ü    Role of Genetic Factor in Expression of Plant Productivity is very small

—    Required intensive, careful and thorough investigations for:

ü    Separating variation in the character caused by Genetic Factor and that caused

 by Environmental Factor 

3.     Primary Foundation for Increasing Plant Productivity: Recognizing Role of Genetic Factor compared with Environmental Effect.

Tremendous points:

ü  Recognizing proportion of Genetic Effect compared with Environmental Effect

ü  Without adequate variation caused by Genetic Factors:

§ Efforts to utilize Genetic Factor for increasing Plant Productivity will be unsuccessful or failure.

4.  Initial Stage that shall be done in using Genetic Factor to increase Plant  Productivity

Determining:

ü Amount,

üCause and

üPattern

of variation that occurs in intended plant population and learn how to use this information for improving plant productivity.

5.  First Step that must be taken in separating Genetic Factor from Environmental Effect.

Recognizing Type and Character of Variable:

üDesign Variable

üOriginal Measured Variable

üCalculated/Combined  Variable

 Design Variable

                Variable that function for categorizing measurement values, such as:

§ Clone, 

§ Family,

§ Replication, and

§ Tree Number

Original Measured Variable

Variable that is obtained from original measurement on each individual plant, such as:

·         Stem Diameter at Breast Height

Very important, as it can express the actual Phenotypic Variation. So that the actual variation caused by Genetic Factor can be determined accordingly.

Calculated/Combined  Variable

                Variable obtained by calculation or combination of original measured variable, such as:

—  Tree Volume

—  Mean Annual Increment of Wood Volume Production/hectare

—  Survival Rate

Calculated/Combined  Variable, consists of two types:

·         Variation between individual trees  maintained

·         Variation between individual trees hidden

                               

Calculated/Combined  Variable with  Variation between individual trees  Maintained

Example: Tree Volume of Individual Trees

—     Real Phenotypic Variation can be determined properly

—     True Variation due to Genetic factor can be determined accordingly.

Calculated/Combined  Variable with  Variation between individual trees  Hidden

Example:

Mean Annual Increment of Wood Production

Survival Rate.

—  Real Phenotypic Variation cannot be determined truly, resulting in Shrinkage Phenotypic Variation Values.

—  True Variation due to Genetic factor cannot be determined accurately, leading to inflated Genetic Variation Value.

—  Could result in misleading conclusion and recommendation which lead to great financial loss if implemented in large scale of area.

6.     Phases in Statistical Analyses.

o   Proper understanding on Effects of Design Variable

o   Recognizing Equation Model for Analyses

§  Linear Mixed Model with Restricted Maximum Likelihood / Best Linear Unbiased Prediction.

o   Comprehending RSoftware for supporting the required analyses.

6.1. Proper understanding on Effects of Design Variable

     

Design Variable which has random property in nature (Random Factor)

Level within the factor is random sample taken from population of level, example:

Provenance

Family

Clone

Values of Level within the factor are not quantitative values, instead merely name,

e.g. name of material.

Hyphothesis that is examined is:

Variation between levels, not means value between levels

Design Variable which has fixed property in nature (Fixed Factor)

Level within the factor is determined by the researcher,

example: dosage of fertilizer 0, 100, 200, 300 gram/tree

Hyphothesis that is examined is:

                Means value between levels

  6.2.Recognizing Equation Model for Analyses

Linear Mixed Model with Restricted Maximum Likelihood / Best Linear Unbiased Prediction

            

   6.3.Comprehending R Software for supporting the required analyses

            

§  lme4

§  matrix

             

References

—  Bates. 2010. lme4: Mixed Effects Modeling with R.

—  Mbunzi and Nagda.ILRI. Mixed Model Analysis using R

—  Snedecor dan Cochran. Statistical Method

—  Weiss. Introductory Statistics

—  Zobel dan Talbert. Applied Forest Tree Improvement

Subhaanakallohumma wabihamdika, asyhadu anla ilaaha illa anta astaghfiruka wa atuubu ilaika.

Wassalamualaikum warohmatullohi wabarokaatuh.

Curriculum Vitae Hero Dien P. Kartiko

Herewith is Curriculum Vitae of Hero Dien P.Kartiko
CV

Pengantar Pemuliaan Tanaman, Kuliah Umum UNRI 23 Feb 2018

Berikut merupakan materi kuliah umum Pengantar Pemuliaan Tanaman Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Riau Pekanbaru Jum'at 7 Jumadil Akhiroh 1439 / 23 Februari 2018
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